Stimulants, including amphetamines, ecstasy and cocaine, have surprisingly received little research attention. The most commonly used amphetamines in Australia, include pharmaceutical stimulants such as Dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine) as well as illicit stimulants such as amphetamine (speed) and methamphetamine (Ice). Ecstasy is a derivative of amphetamine.

Physical Effects

• Loss of coordination
• Collapse
• Cerebrovascular accidents (stroke)
• Insomnia
• A small number of cases of cerebral oedema, secondary to excessive water intake and renal failure, have been documented following use of ecstasy
• A subgroup of cocaine users experience seizures within 90 minutes of ingestion, and such users tend to show diffuse cerebral atrophy on CT scan, and diffuse slowing on EEG
• Long term cocaine use is associated with nosebleeds, sinus damage and tearing of the nasal wall

Cognitive and Psychological Effects

• Psychosis (often reversible with abstinence)
• Anxiety
• Irritability
• Long term use of cocaine has been associated with memory and concentration deficits